英語訳
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**From the *Bencao Gangmu* (本草綱目, Compendium of Materia Medica)**
**Changshan (常山) and Shūqi (蜀漆)**
*Explanatory names:* Héngshān 恒山 (Wú Pǔ); Hùcǎo 互草 (Běnjīng); Jīniàocǎo 鶏尿草 (Rìhuá)
> **Li Shizhen says:** "Héng" (恒) also means "Cháng" (常, "constant/always"). Héngshān is the name of a northern sacred peak, located in what is now Dingzhou, Changshan Commandery, and also in Zhending. Perhaps this drug was first produced there and thus received its name. Shūqī (蜀漆) is the shoot/seedling of Changshan; their medicinal functions are the same, so they are here combined into one entry.
**Collected Explanations:**
> **Bielu says:** Changshan grows in the river valleys of Yizhou and also in Hanzhong. The seedlings of Changshan also grow there. Gather leaves in the fifth month and dry in the shade.
> **Hongjing (Tao Hongjing) says:** Changshan comes from Xuandu and Jianping. Those that are fine-textured, solid, and yellow are called "Jīgǔ Changshan" (鶏骨常山, Chicken-bone Changshan). Using these is particularly effective. Shūqī is the seedling of Changshan, but its place of origin differs. "Jiangling Mountain" is the name of the Jiangyang Mountain in Yizhou, so they are in fact the same place. The people there gather it, wind it into balls, and the ones that are dry at time of collection are best.
> **Gong (Su Gong) says:** Changshan grows in mountain valleys. The stem is round with nodes, and the tallest plants do not exceed three to four *chǐ* (feet). The leaves resemble those of tea (*míng* 茗) but are narrower and longer, growing in opposite pairs. In the second month it bears white flowers with green calyxes. In the fifth month it forms round, green fruits, three seeds to a pod. If the herb is dried vigorously, it turns blue-white and is usable. If dried in the shade, it soon turns black, rots, and is ruined.
> **Baosheng says:** Currently it comes from Jinzhou, Fangzhou, Liangzhou, and Zhongjiang County. The tree is three to four *chǐ* tall. The roots resemble those of *jīng* (荊, chaste tree) and are yellow when split open. Leaves gathered in the fifth and sixth months are called "Shūqī."
> **Li Hanguang says:** Shūqī [also written as 蜀膝] is the stem of Changshan. It is gathered in the eighth and ninth months.
> **Su Song says:** Today it is also found in Biān-West, Huai, Zhe, and Hunan prefectures, as described above. The variety from Haizhou has leaves resembling those of *qiū* (楸, yellow catalpa), flowers in the eighth month that are red-white in color, and fruits that are blue-green, resembling *shāndòngzǐ* (山棟子) but smaller. There is also a variety now produced on Mt. Tiantai called "Tǔ Changshan" (土常山, Earth Changshan). The leaves and shoots are extremely sweet, and people use it as a beverage; its sweetness is like honey. It is also called "Mìxiāng Cǎo" (蜜香草, Honey-fragrance Herb). Its nature is cooling and beneficial to people. This is not Changshan proper.
**Author's Notes (愚按):**
- ● The variety with tea-like leaves: (today called *Kokusakki*, コクサキ) ▲ Appendix added by Motozu. ○ *Guijing shan* (桂茎山), i.e., *Kinba Changshan* (槿葉常山, Mallow-leafed Changshan — a separate variety called コクサキ. The tea-leaved variety is now called "Mountain Kusagi" and appears in *Chikinsho Kōshū*.)
- ● The variety with catalpa-like leaves: (today called *Kusaki* 臭木, "stinkwood") i.e., *Shòuwútóng* (臭梧桐, Clerodendrum trichotomum). (Author's note: The *Jiuhuang Bencao* refers to "stinking bamboo tree" — is this the same as *Shòuwútóng*?)
- ● *Jīgǔ Changshan* (鶏骨常山, "Chicken-bone Changshan")
- ● *Tǔ Changshan* (土常山): (today called *Ki-amacha* キアマチャ — according to the theory of Master Hiraga). Mìxiāng Cǎo (Honey-fragrance Herb).
▲ Motozu respectfully says: Changshan and Shūqī are the same plant: "Changshan" refers to the leaves, and "Shūqī" refers to the roots. Shūqī has several varieties. The yellow one is *Jīgǔ Changshan*. *Tǔ Changshan* refers to the Mìxiāng flower and is not of the Changshan family — it is the *Kō Kanmei* (木甘茗, sweet woody tea). It is also called "Shō-Gaku-sō" (小額草, Small Hydrangea Herb). The *Gaku* (額, hydrangea) family has several varieties. The *Chikinsho Kōshū* also mentions "Shō-Gaku-sō," listing it in Volume 7 of the Summer Section.
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**Appendix**
**Dùjīng Shān (杜茎山)** *(from Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica)*
> **Su Song says:** The leaves are bitter in taste and cold in nature. They treat warm pestilence (*wēn zhàng*), chills and fever with irregular paroxysms, irritating thirst, headache, and heart agitation. Pound until pulped, steep in new wine, and press out the juice...
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**[Left Page]**
...Upon drinking, the patient vomits out foul phlegm. Very effective. Best used fresh. The stem reaches four to five *chǐ* in height. The leaves resemble those of *kǔmǎicài* (苦蕒菜, bitter lettuce / *Ixeris*). It flowers in autumn and fruits in winter, with fruits the size of *gǒuqǐzǐ* (枸杞子, wolfberry) and white.
- ● **Dùjīng Shān:** (today called *Shiro-Umemodoki*, White False Holly). (According to earlier scholars. Author's note: What is currently called *Yamashiro* appears to be the same plant as *Shiro-Umemodoki*.)
▲ Motozu respectfully says: *Shiro-Saisango* (白賽珊瑚, White False Holly, *Umemodoki*) is the common *Saisango* with white, large-grained fruits. *Yamashiro* (山白) resembles *Yamamurasaki* (山紫) in both wood and leaf, but has white fruits. It is called *Yamashiro* because it is the white form of *Yamamurasaki*. It is not the same species as *Shiro-Saisango*. The earlier scholar's identification is not appropriate.
Incidentally: *Myōba Changshan* (茗葉常山, *Kokusakki* コクサキ), though resembling what is called *Kusagi* (臭木, stinkwood) in Japanese, has leaves that are narrow and long like tea leaves, opens white flowers in the second month, and bears fruit in the fifth month. These are distinct plants. There is also another variety: one name is "Guijing Shan" (桂茎山), and another name is "Duhong Shan" (杜紅山). The Japanese name *Kusagi* (久左義) refers to yet another plant. "Shūqī" is simply the root of Changshan and is not a separate species. The *Kankai Shokkan* (巻懐食鑑) states that it is "Japan's *Kusagi*." "Guijing Shan" is a small shrub whose leaves resemble those of *hachisu* (槿, rose of Sharon / hibiscus). Its odor is more pungent than that of Changshan. This is also called "*Shō-Kusagi*" (Small Stinkwood). A faithful illustration will be provided in a later fascicle.
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**Tǔ Hóng Shān (土紅山)**
> **Su Song says:** The leaves are sweet, slightly cold, and non-toxic. It treats joint pain, consumptive fever, and malarial miasma (*zhàng nüè*). It grows in the mountains and fields of Nan-'enzhou. Large specimens reach seven to eight *chǐ* in height. The leaves resemble those of the loquat (*pípá*) but are smaller and without hair. In autumn it produces white flowers like millet grains and does not bear fruit. The variety growing in Fuzhou forms slender vines, with leaves resembling those of *fúróng* (芙蓉, lotus or tree mallow). The upper surface is green and the lower surface is white. The roots resemble kudzu heads. Local people take the root, soak it in rice-washing water overnight, then soak again in fresh water overnight, roast until yellow, and grind to powder. Each dose is one *qian*, decocted with one cup of water and one slice of fresh ginger. This also very effectively treats consumptive pestilence (*láo zhàng*).
> **Li Shizhen says:** Dùjīng Shān is the same as Tǔ Héng Shān (土恒山), and Tǔ Hóng Shān is also a variety of Dùjīng Shān. Hence they are appended here together.
**● Tǔ Hóng Shān — Two varieties:**
- ● Variety 1: Resembles loquat leaves but smaller.
- ● Variety 2: A climbing vine with *fúróng*-like leaves — some identify this as *Kōmori-kazura* (コウモリカズラ, "Bat Vine"). Author's note: "Resembles *fúróng* leaves" here means lotus leaves. This would then refer to a plant said to resemble the lotus. Today some identify this as *Senkin-tō* (千金藤, *Stephania* sp.) — perhaps a lotus-leaved vine. It does not mean resembling the tree mallow (*Hibiscus mutabilis*).
▲ Motozu respectfully considers: There are texts that identify the *Heyè mán* (荷葉蔓, lotus-leaved vine) with the Chinese variety of *Bōi* (防已, *Sinomenium/Stephania*), but this is doubtful. The "lotus-leaved vine" in the *Bencao Gangmu* likely refers to *Tōdatsu-boku* (通脱木, *Tetrapanax papyrifer*), described as a climber with round stems and lotus-like leaves. *Bōi* (防已), by contrast, climbs like kudzu, with tough young leaves resembling morning glory (*kengyū*, *Ipomoea*), and also resembling ivy leaves or the silhouette of a bat in flight. It can be found in the vicinity of Tōbu (Edo/Tokyo). Known as: ○ *Ao-kazura*, ○ *Tsuta-no-ha-kazura*, ○ *Kōmori-kazura*, ○ *Ao-tsuzura*. The earlier scholar's identification with *tsuzurafushi* (木防已, *Cocculus trilobus*) is likely mistaken.
The term "愚按" (author's note) as used above refers to annotations previously compiled by earlier scholars and added to the old edition of the *Bencao Gangmu*. For this reason, the present author's notes (愚考) follow the same format. Obstructive writings are recorded here as they stand.