英語訳
【Right Page】
【Top right margin】378
【Right margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
【Right margin bottom】18
【Two-column format】
【Upper Section】
Through the great bodhi-mind of consciousness-wisdom, by the power of uncontaminated concentration and great vows, their lifespan is made without end. Their body is especially marvelous, like lapis lazuli—pure, luminous, and vast beyond comprehension. All beings of inferior levels cannot see it. When they transform the segmented body and immediately obtain this body in their present form, the container-world they inhabit is immediately transformed from impure lands, and naturally also becomes pure jeweled Buddha-fields, jeweled grounds, jeweled forests, jeweled pavilions, etc., suddenly manifesting throughout empty space. (Though it is taught that those of gradual awakening in the initial stages before the grounds dwell in impurity, is it actually pure?) Seeing Buddhas and hearing the Dharma can be inferred. The fruit characteristics are thus. Examining their internal conditions, the various uncontaminated discriminating karmas, through the assisting power of knowledge obstructions, enable their present bodies to experience past karmas (namely the contaminated karmas of segmented bodies) in subtle and inconceivable ways. Since the karma-seeds capable of producing effects are thus, the resulting karmic retribution is likewise. In certain sacred teachings it is said that the uncontaminated transcends the three realms, but this refers to assisting causes according to assisting causes. Since this has already transcended the three realms and is an uncontaminated dharma, in reality this body is also contaminated karmic maturation fruit. Therefore, treatises explain that one counts the supports. "Support" means dwelling for one eon, twenty eons, etc., and further increasing support. Thus continuing to provide more and more support until countless eons, the present body does not die. When realizing great enlightenment in this very body, they cast off this subtle birth-and-death body and obtain the limitless enjoyment body. Upon achieving Buddhahood, their body equals the dharma-realm in extent—this is the eternally constant and unchanging essence. (The three types of permanence are explained below.) Also as described in the eighth volume, etc.
Four Types of Verbal Expression
Visual expression, auditory expression, cognitive expression, and conscious expression—these are the four types. Namely, through seeing, hearing,
【Lower Section】
cognizing, or knowing, verbal expressions arise. Among these, seeing and knowing are included in direct perception; cognizing is inference; hearing is scriptural authority. "Direct perception" means being free from all conceptual discrimination of names and categories, not calculating or measuring, manifesting distinctly moment by moment, clearly illuminating the realm of individual characteristics, each adhering to its own essence without interpenetration—this is the natural mind. Within this, the current visual expression refers to eye-consciousness, while depending on the eye faculty, naturally apprehending the individual characteristics of form. Conscious expression refers to the five concomitant mental consciousnesses of ear, nose, tongue, and body (meaning simultaneous, same-object, and concurrent with the five consciousnesses including eye, etc.), as well as various concentrated minds and uncontaminated minds. This cognition refers to discriminating mind that does not give rise to attachment, observing and deliberating according to correct principles. Therefore, understanding and resolution interpenetrate like a thread stringing flowers, taking the realm of common characteristics as object. (The current realm of common characteristics is beneficial characteristics.) However, because it does not give rise to attachment through correct principles, it can accord with dharma essence and elicit realization-wisdom. Namely, through the principle of being produced, one infers impermanence; through the appearing cause of smoke, one infers the existence of fire. Such are these. Cognitive expression refers to this correct understanding being called cognition. Regarding scriptural authority, what ancient masters established varies greatly. Dignāga Bodhisattva established only two cognitions, including the scriptural authority, etc., of those ancient explanations appropriately within the two cognitions. This has two meanings: one meaning of being included only in inference, and one explanation of also including direct perception. According to the latter meaning, generally the obvious characteristics of ordinary discourse are included in inference; based on reality and exhausting principle, they also extend to direct perception—namely when listening to Dharma with uncontaminated mind, etc. Auditory expression, following these two meanings, can have openings and blockages. In any case, mental consciousness, depending on the ear, hears trustworthy sounds and takes apprehending names and meanings as its essence. If one merely hears sounds, it should exist only in the ear and is included in knowing. Since it already apprehends names and meanings, it exists in the mind and is included in this. The four types of verbal expression and the two cognitions of direct and inferential
【Left Page】
【Top left margin】379
【Left margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
【Left margin bottom】19
【Two-column format】
【Upper Section】
The general outline of the two cognitions is thus. "Non-cognition" refers to incorrect discrimination. There are two types: First is semblance of direct perception—seeing white clouds moving westward oneself but saying the bright moon flows eastward, etc. Second is the non-cognition of semblance of inference—namely erroneous inference. Mistaken understanding arises from incorrect reasons. Within this mind, there is also non-attachment. Not necessarily (considering the character below "necessarily," probably "称境" [corresponding to objects] is missing) do these direct and inferential correspond to the three cognitions.
Individual and Common Characteristics
First are individual characteristics; second are common characteristics. "Individual" means the meaning of limitation; "common" means the meaning of universality. In distinguishing these two, though there are multiple levels, our school establishes four levels of contrast. First is the essence-meaning contrast. Namely, various essences are called individual characteristics, and the various meanings thereon are called common characteristics. For example, if there is the blue color of one tree leaf, that blue essence does not extend to others; meanings like impermanence extend through all phenomena. The rest can be understood by analogy. Second is the universal-particular contrast. Among the previous essence and meaning, each has universal and particular essence. Universal refers to general names; color is particular. This is called common characteristics. Universal and particular within meanings, etc., can all be understood by analogy. Third is the expressible-inexpressible contrast. Among the previous two contrasts, if separated from verbal expression, it is called individual characteristics; if it is what is expressed by words, it is called common characteristics. Whether essence or meaning, whether universal or particular, all have these two. Fourth is the name-sentence contrast. If it is what names express, it is called individual characteristics; if it is what sentences express, it is called common characteristics. In sequence, namely what names and sentences express, when compared to the third contrast, what names and sentences express are all common characteristics. These are augmented characteristics because they can extend to others. Beyond nominal and sentential expression, all are called individual characteristics because each adheres to its own essence and is not shared with others. By this method, one knows that essence and meaning, universal and particular, nominal expression, what verbal expressions reach, and what inference knows are all augmentations universally present in all dharmas,
【Lower Section】
like a thread stringing flowers—not true individual characteristics. Whether called individual or common, they are all equally common characteristics. What words cannot reach—the meaning, universal-particular, individual-common characteristics known by direct perception—are all true individual characteristics. Though apprehending the impermanent, etc., meanings of all dharmas, though apprehending the contaminated, etc., meanings of all dharmas, since each individual dharma exists separately, following their original characteristics without adding emotions, all are individual characteristics. Within these beyond-words characteristic-characteristics, if essence is individual and meaning is common, this is also thus. The Buddhabhūmi Sūtra, etc., contains such explanations. Universal-particular and individual-common should also not be rejected. Question: Why are they called "names, words, and essence"? Answer: Because they are inconceivable. Question: Why are they inconceivable? Answer: Because names do not reach them. Question: Why is this so? Answer: Because dependent-nature is like illusion, having no fixed characteristics. Because dharma-nature is quiescent, having no characteristics. Question: Even granting this is hypothetical, why is it thus? Answer: Because discriminating emotional understanding all belongs to one side, while true dharma essence is furthermore not partial. All verbal expressions speak of emotional understanding; true realization-wisdom furthermore has nothing to explain. Post-enlightenment Dharma teaching is immediately hypothetical false speech. This false speech is precisely the calling sounds of sentient beings' imagined constructions. Yet facing great compassion, one forcefully employs explanations using their words. Though what they call forth while dwelling in their own emotions is completely separated from essence, before the great sage's wisdom, one relies on essence through one's body and speaks thus. Question: Though dharma essence exists, being one-sided yet real, names and phenomena mutually accommodate each other and are fundamentally not attached; therefore [names] do not reach [essence]. Why rely on phenomena in the middle way? Answer: Yes, why doesn't false emotion realize dharma? Temporarily setting aside names and letters, just regarding contemplation, one should know that dharma essence is the wondrous middle way; therefore, provisional wisdom and expression all do not reach it. That nominal expression arises from imagination, making body and name both adventitious. Because of this body, if one says that inconceivability, beyond-words, and that body differ, this contradicts the profound...