英語訳
【Right Page】
【Top right margin】370
【Right margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
【Right margin bottom】10
【Two-column format】
【Upper Section】
gathering all conditioned formations. That is, among the hundred dharmas, the various mental factors corresponding to the eight consciousnesses excluding feeling and perception, and the twenty-four non-associated [mental factors]. "Consciousness aggregate" means gathering all mind-kings. That is, the eight consciousnesses among the hundred dharmas. "Aggregate" means the meaning of gathering. Because there are five gatherings, they are called the five aggregates. Since these are already conditioned phenomena, this gate does not include the unconditioned. This is precisely what all Buddhas proclaimed to enable sentient beings to eliminate self-attachment. One should observe one's own body—in one's bodily components, from crown to sole, from skin to bone, large intestine, small intestine, six bowels, five organs, and all things are the form aggregate. Taking this as support and being supported, the mind and mental factors that are capable of conditions, and among the various meaningful divisions, the latter four aggregates are opened. Beyond this there is nothing more—what could be called self or person? Those various bodily implements are precisely the form aggregate. Matters of suffering and pleasure are precisely due to the feeling aggregate. The cause for the arising of speech is called the perception aggregate. The creation of dharmic and non-dharmic [actions] lies in the formation aggregate. All that which serves as support is precisely the consciousness aggregate. Therefore know that the five aggregates are excellent medicine for eliminating self. To eliminate this dharma-attachment, one relies on consciousness-only contemplation, as in the original commentary notes.
The Characteristics of the Twelve Sense-Fields
Among the hundred dharmas: six faculties (the five faculties of eye, etc., and the mental faculty. The "mental faculty" refers to manas.) six objects (the five dusts of form, etc., and dharma-dust. "Dharma-dust" refers to all that is cognized by mental consciousness.) These constitute the twelve sense-fields. That is, eye-field through dharma-field. Such names for these twelve dharmas are called "fields" because they are gates for the arising and development of the six consciousnesses in sequence. Within that mental faculty, the ālaya is also included, and within dharma-objects, the unconditioned is definitely included.
The Characteristics of the Eighteen Realms
【Lower Section】
Among the hundred dharmas: six faculties, six objects, six consciousnesses. That is, eye-realm, form-realm, eye-consciousness-realm, up to mind-realm, dharma-realm, mental-consciousness-realm. Such are called the eighteen realms. These eighteen dharmas are called "realms" because they are distinctions of lineage. Among these, the mind-realm is the same as the mental faculty field. The dharma-realm is also the same as the dharma-field. These twelve sense-fields and eighteen realms also serve to eliminate and remove self and thing attachment. However, the difference among these three gates is: for those of dull faculties who generally cling to self through mental factors, the aggregate gate is taught; for those of dull faculties who generally cling to self through material phenomena, the twelve sense-fields are taught; for those of dull faculties who generally cling to self through form and mind, the eighteen realms are taught. Or for superior, medium, and inferior faculties respectively, brief, medium, and extensive [teachings] are given. All have their reasons. These dharma-attachments are all eliminated by relying on consciousness-only contemplation.
The Principle of the Four Noble Truths
Suffering, origination, cessation, path are called the four noble truths. In general, this is the principle of cause, effect, and cessation. In the principle of cause and effect, there are two gates of defilement and purity. Suffering and origination are precisely the defiled cause and effect. Cessation and path are precisely the pure cause and effect. These are respectively contaminated and uncontaminated dharmas. What is called "suffering" is the oppression and affliction by the three sufferings (suffering of suffering, suffering of change, and suffering of conditioned existence) and eight sufferings (birth, aging, sickness, death, separation from loved ones, meeting with the hated, not obtaining what is sought, encompassing all sufferings—the detailed meaning is abbreviated) of the contaminated karmic results of the three realms and six paths. "Origination" is the cause that brings about these suffering results. That is, the various afflictions and contaminated good and evil karma. By contemplating and examining such causal principles, one becomes weary of suffering, cuts off origination, and exits birth and death. What is called "cessation" is analytical cessation—the unconditioned. Through the power of wisdom's analytical selection, extinguishing all defiled dharmas of afflictions and suffering, ultimately realizing and attaining this as the fruit. "Path" is the cause for attaining this cessation-fruit. That is, the various uncontaminated conventional and ultimate wisdoms. Thus
【Left Page】
【Top left margin】371
【Left margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
【Left margin bottom】11
【Two-column format】
【Upper Section】
contemplating and examining causal principles, one delights in cessation, cultivates the path, and exits birth and death. Therefore, though the two gates of defilement and purity are distinct, what they return to is simply the essential gate for exiting suffering. One should know the suffering of this very body and find it detestable, encourage the mind to cut off and eliminate the causes of this suffering, cultivate the path to this suffering's cessation, and realize this cessation of suffering. If so, one should first engage in quiet sitting and contemplation. No matter what realm or level one is born in, while in the condition of birth and death, all follows the principle of suffering results. Contemplating thus, the mind of weariness arises repeatedly—this is precisely one portion of benefit. Through this, one desires to cut off that origination which can bring about [suffering], and eventually gains liberation. The above roughly clarifies according to the fragmentary birth category. Because this is coarse and shallow, it is called the established four noble truths. The old records call them the "created four truths." The two vehicles also contemplate these four truths. That is, fragmentary birth results are called the truth of suffering. Afflictions and deluded karma are called the truth of origination. What causes suffering and origination to cease is called the truth of cessation. Generating the category of emptiness-wisdom is called the truth of the path. The non-established four noble truths are called "uncreated four truths" in old translations. Regarding this, there are precisely three levels of contemplation. First is the transformational birth category four noble truths. That is, transformational birth results are called the truth of suffering. What obstructs, etc. are called the truth of origination. Non-abiding nirvana is called the truth of cessation. The dharma-emptiness wisdom category is called the truth of the path. Second is contemplating the true-suchness of the two emptinesses without making separate contemplations, called "non-established." Third is abandoning explanations for the one reality ultimate principle. Because mind and speech are cut off, it is called "non-established." These latter three levels are exclusively bodhisattva contemplations, not shared with the two vehicles. The non-established [truths] described in the Yogācāra are precisely the one reality. The Śrīmālādevī Sūtra also contains this principle. That sutra's "uncreated" [truths] include discussion of the transformational birth category. There is evidence in the text above and below. Calling the two emptinesses and one reality the "four truths" is because one enters through the four truths gate. According to the Xuanzan Commentary Summary, the uncreated four truths roughly
【Lower Section】
discuss according to transformational [birth], as if blocking the latter two levels of contemplation.
The Six Characteristics of Seeds
The treatise's second [fascicle] says: First is momentary cessation. That is, the essence having just arisen necessarily ceases without interval, having superior power, thus becoming a seed. This blocks permanent dharmas—what is permanent has no transformation and cannot be said to have generative function. Second is simultaneous with effect. That is, manifesting simultaneously and harmoniously with the produced manifest fruit-dharmas, thus becoming a seed. This blocks [seeds being] before, after, or definitely separate. Up to: the name "seed" is established in dependence on producing manifest fruits, not in dependence on generating their own kind. Therefore, one should only speak of being simultaneous with effects. Third is constant following transformation. That is, necessarily continuing as one type for a long time until the ultimate stage, thus becoming a seed. This blocks the transforming consciousnesses—they transform, change, and are interrupted, not corresponding with seed-dharmas. This reveals seeds' self-type mutual generation. Fourth is determined nature. That is, following causal power to generate good, evil, etc., with determined function, thus becoming a seed. This blocks other schools' attachment that different-nature causes with different natures generating fruits have causal condition meaning. Fifth is awaiting multiple conditions. That is, this necessarily awaits the combination of its own multiple conditions, with superior function, thus becoming a seed. This blocks outsiders' attachment that natural causes not awaiting multiple conditions constantly and immediately generate fruits. Or it blocks other schools' [view that] conditions are constantly non-existent, revealing that awaited conditions are not constantly existent by nature. Therefore seeds do not constantly and immediately generate fruits. Sixth is producing its own effects. That is, for distinct form, mind, and other effects, each respectively generating, thus becoming a seed. This blocks outsiders' attachment that only one cause generates all effects, or blocks other schools' attachment that form, mind, etc. mutually serve as causal conditions. Only functional differences within the root consciousness, possessing these six characteristics, become seeds—not others. (Text)