英語訳
【Right Page】
【Top right margin】374
【Right margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
【Right margin bottom】14
【Two-column format】
【Upper Section】
The Three Karmas of Merit, etc.
First is meritorious karma, which is the karma of good destinies in the desire realm. Second is non-meritorious karma, which is the karma of all evil destinies. Third is immovable karma, which is the karma of the concentration grounds of the upper realms. Among these, meritorious karma and non-meritorious karma have evident characteristics. Regarding immovable karma, the Abhidharma treatise explains there are two meanings: First, because the fruition result cannot be moved, it is called "immovable." That is, the individual karmas of the four dhyānas and four formless states necessarily produce the karmic maturation fruits of their respective places and do not transfer, so they are called "immovable." The karmas of the desire realm cannot do this. Second, because meditative equipoise is focused and concentrated without scattering and cannot be moved, it is called "immovable." That is, all the fundamental karmas that produce the upper realms are minds in concentration. Although there are scattered good actions, because they follow the fundamental basis, they are called "immovable." Among these two meanings, the fundamental commentary and Yīdēng definitively take the latter meaning. Question: Although the first explanation is inferior, what is its meaning? Answer: In the five destinies of the desire realm, their karmas are mobile. That is, human and heavenly karmas mutually transform into each other. The karmas of the three evil destinies also mutually transform in the same way. If we discuss auxiliary karmas (individual karmic results), good and evil destinies also mutually transfer. Human and heavenly karmas transform and flourish, while evil destiny karmas transform into the evil karmas of the three unfortunate paths. The evil karmas of individual results in human and heavenly realms—all these transform when encountering strong and superior conditions. Thus they transform. But karmas of the upper realms do not have this meaning. The karmas of those respective places necessarily produce their own places and do not transfer, so they are called "immovable karma." (That is to say) Question: If so, why does this explanation have faults and is not adopted? Answer: Because there is the difficulty of perfumed meditation, it is not adopted. "Perfumed meditation" refers to when two-vehicle saints born in the lower three heavens of the fourth dhyāna, in order to be born in the upper heavens (the five pure abodes), practice mixed meditation to nurture present-life karma and transform it into karma for the five pure abode heavens. "Mixed practice" means first entering contaminated concentration, then entering uncontaminated concentration, then again entering contaminated concentration. (This is the Mahāyāna understanding; the Hīnayāna lacks this.) Like the corresponding preparatory, uninterrupted, and liberation paths in sequence, using the middle uncontaminated [concentration] to properly eliminate obstacles and create pure karma. This means saints do not create new karma, and ordinary beings also do not create pure abode karma. Therefore, they nurture lower karma and transform it. If so, since this is fruition transference, why is it called "immovable" based on the meaning of immovable fruition? Therefore it is not adopted. Question: If so, the latter explanation also has faults. The various karmas of the upper realms are not necessarily all concentration-mind karmas. Those realms have learned wisdom and innate [capacities], which are all scattered good actions. Answer: Among these multiple meanings, provisionally stating one meaning: The fundamental drawing karma of the general results of the upper realms are all concentration-mind, with absolutely no scattered karma. The innate capacities, etc., are individual karmic results. Therefore, following the fundamental, they are collectively called "immovable." Although they are scattered mind, they differ from ordinary scattering—depending on the power of concentration, they somewhat abide in one object, arising before and after concentration as retinue. (That is to say) As clarified in the eighth treatise commentary, etc.
The Three Karmas of Body, etc.
The Mahāyāna understanding is that all three karmas take intention as their essence. Bodily form and speech locations are merely provisional karmas, not real karmas. Therefore, bodily karma is the intention that can move the body. "Speech karma" is the intention that can produce speech. Mental karma consists of the two stages of deliberation and determination in the preparatory stage before moving body and speech. After thinking thus, one produces body and speech—the superior intention that moves and produces body and speech. However, bodily and speech karmas, whether simultaneous or sequential, are indefinite according to circumstances. Sometimes moving the body and producing speech are simultaneous—at this time the two karmas of body and speech are the same essence because they are the same intention. Sometimes one first moves the body, then produces speech. Sometimes one first produces speech, then moves the body.
【Lower Section】
At this time the two karmas of body and speech are separate essences because they are individual intentions. This is not the same as the Hīnayāna taking the provisional characteristics of body and speech as real karma. As in the first treatise's fundamental commentary, etc.
Manifest and Non-manifest Form
"Manifest" means indication—manifesting knowledge to self and others. "Non-manifest" is the opposite of this—its characteristics can be understood. However, regarding non-manifest, there are generally three types: first, disciplinary non-manifest; second, non-disciplinary non-manifest; third, intermediate non-manifest. (Although there are two explanations in Mahāyāna, we provisionally follow the explanation that permits intermediate non-manifest.) "Disciplinary" refers to the three types of precepts: individual liberation, concentration-accompanied, and path-accompanied. Individual liberation refers to individually received precepts of the five categories, etc., and collectively received three clusters, etc. Concentration-accompanied precepts prevent wrongdoing through contaminated concentration. Path-accompanied precepts prevent wrongdoing only through uncontaminated concentration. "Non-disciplinary" refers to being born into such a family or making vows and intentions to perform unwholesome acts like killing during one's lifetime. "Intermediate" refers to what is not like this—corresponding good and evil karmas. Only what produces non-manifest involves commitment to good and evil. The ten good precepts are neither merely intermediate nor merely disciplinary, so they are called intermediate disciplinary. Among these, the two precepts of concentration and path have only non-manifest. All the rest have both manifest and non-manifest. Among these, now provisionally explaining manifest, etc., regarding the collectively received Dharma: First, at one's own dwelling place, etc., wanting to receive the threefold cluster ordination Dharma, deliberating in mind and obtaining determination. At this stage, the superior good seeds that have been perfumed naturally produce their own type without interruption. Together with the superior intention at the beginning of generation, that mental manifest karma is obtained by raising the mind. This manifest karma seed continues and gradually increases. (Only taking functional increase, not substantial increase.) This can also serve as the seed that non-manifest depends on.
【Lower Section】
(Because of the bodhisattva precepts, the mental karma seeds also definitely arise.) Having decided thus, arriving at the teacher's place, when depending on moving and producing intention toward the teacher, moving body and producing speech, one obtains bodily and verbal manifest. The seeds perfumed by superior intention within also draw their own type and increase moment by moment. (Also taking functional increase, not substantial increase.) This should serve as the seed that non-manifest depends on, extinguishing the three karmas. Thus, during the receiver's continuous bodily existence, when the teacher finally performs the threefold cluster collective ordination, at the second repetition, at the moment the receiver answers "I can maintain," on top of those three karmic intentional seeds, the precepts being received—the function of preventing wrongdoing—suddenly becomes accomplished. Taking this as the essence of these precepts is called "non-manifest." Since one has received all precepts of the three karmas for all future time, the prevention of the three karmas is limitless. However, this non-manifest has two aspects: seeing from manifest karma and seeing from what is prevented. In the aspect of seeing from manifest: from mental manifest it is mental karma; from verbal manifest it is verbal karma precepts. In the aspect of seeing from prevention: mental manifest precepts completely prevent the three karmas because one deliberately decides to receive the three karma precepts. The precepts of bodily and verbal manifest are also like this—moving and producing with the desire to receive the three karma precepts. Since all three karmic manifests each desire to prevent the three karmas, the seeds perfumed by these manifest karmas each produce the non-manifest of the three karmas. This principle is certain. Therefore, seeing from these two aspects is not the same. We provisionally explain their characteristics regarding collective reception. When only receiving the seven branch precepts of body and speech, this can be understood by analogy. They can only produce bodily and verbal non-manifest because the deliberating and deciding intentions are not superior, and the precepts one desires to receive have no mental precepts. However, taking emptiness and form as individual names, we provisionally discuss bodily and verbal manifest. What is prevented and what is produced are all form. The precepts of the mental ground are included in mental factors because what is prevented and produced are not form dharmas. In principle...