中山伝信録 巻一 - 翻刻

翻刻

　　爽萬無行舟之理二月中則多霧龍出海矣然春
　　風和緩茲役親驗之浪無從船上過者殆遠勝於
　　冬至前後也海船老夥長言十月二十日後東風
　　送順爲吉葆光在琉球無日不占風所向歷考數
　　月内風自東來不間斷者惟十月二十日後十一
　　月初五日前半月中爲然因考陳侃以來惟蕭崇
　　業之歸閩較爲安吉其出海日期乃十月二十四
　　日爲不誣也附此以告後來者
　　風信
　淸明後地氣自南而北則南風爲常霜降後地氣自
　北而南則北風爲常若反其常則颱颶將作　風大
　而烈者爲颶又甚者爲颱颶常驟發颱則有漸颶或
　瞬發焂止颱則連日夜或數日不止大約正二三四
　月爲颶五六七八月爲颱九月則北風初烈或至連
　月俗稱九降風間或有颱則驟至如春颱船在洋中
　遇颶猶可爲遇颱不可當矣　十月以後北風常作
　然颱颶無定期舟人視風隙以往來五六七八月應
　屬南風颱將發則北風先至轉而東南又轉而南又

現代語訳

爽やかで万に一つも船を出す理由がない。二月中は霧が多く龍が海に出る。しかし春風は和緩で、この度の任務で親しく験したところ、浪が船上を越えることはなく、冬至前後よりもはるかに優れているようである。海船の老練な船頭は「十月二十日以降の東風に送られるのが吉である」と言う。葆光は琉球にいて日々風向きを占い、数か月間を歴考したところ、風が東から来て間断なく続くのは、ただ十月二十日以降から十一月初五日以前の半月間だけである。そこで陳侃以来を考察すると、蕭崇業の閩への帰還のみが比較的安全で吉であり、その出海日は十月二十四日であったのは偽りではない。これを附して後来の者に告げる。

風信

清明後は地気が南から北へ向かうため南風が常となり、霜降後は地気が北から南へ向かうため北風が常となる。もしその常に反すれば颱風や颶風が起こるであろう。風が大きく激しいものを颶といい、さらに甚だしいものを颱という。颶風は常に驟発し、颱風には漸次発するものがある。颶風は瞬時に発して焂然と止み、颱風は連日夜、あるいは数日止まない。大略、正月・二月・三月・四月は颶風、五月・六月・七月・八月は颱風、九月は北風が初めて激しくなり、連月に至ることもある。俗に九降風と称し、間々颱風があれば驟然として至り、春颱のようである。船が洋中で颶風に遇うのはまだ対処できるが、颱風に遇えば当たることができない。十月以降は北風が常に起こるが、颱風・颶風に定期はなく、船人は風の隙を見て往来する。五月・六月・七月・八月は本来南風に属するが、颱風が発しようとすれば北風が先に至り、転じて東南となり、また転じて南となり、また

英語訳

refreshing, and there is absolutely no reason to launch a ship. In the second month there are many fogs and dragons emerge from the sea. However, spring winds are gentle and moderate. In this mission I personally verified that waves do not pass over the ship, which seems far superior to the period around the winter solstice. Experienced old ship captains say "Being carried by east winds after the 20th day of the 10th month is auspicious." While Baoguang was in Ryukyu, he observed wind directions daily, and after examining several months, found that winds coming from the east without interruption occur only during the half-month period from after the 20th day of the 10th month to before the 5th day of the 11th month. Therefore, examining [records] since Chen Kan, only Xiao Chongye's return to Fujian was relatively safe and auspicious, and his departure date of the 24th day of the 10th month was indeed accurate. I append this to inform those who come after.

Wind Patterns

After Qingming, earth energy moves from south to north, so south winds are normal. After frost descent, earth energy moves from south to north, so north winds are normal. If this reverses its normal pattern, then typhoons and hurricanes will occur. Those with great and violent winds are called hurricanes (ju), and those even more severe are called typhoons (tai). Hurricanes usually strike suddenly, while typhoons develop gradually. Hurricanes may burst forth instantaneously and stop abruptly, while typhoons continue for consecutive days and nights, or several days without stopping. Generally speaking, the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th months have hurricanes; the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th months have typhoons. In the 9th month, north winds first become violent and may continue for consecutive months - commonly called "ninth month descending winds." Occasionally there are typhoons that arrive suddenly like spring typhoons. When ships encounter hurricanes in the open ocean, they can still manage, but when they encounter typhoons, they cannot withstand them. After the 10th month, north winds regularly occur, but typhoons and hurricanes have no fixed schedule, so sailors watch for gaps in the wind to travel. The 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th months should belong to south winds, but when typhoons are about to develop, north winds arrive first, then shift to southeast, then shift to south, then again...